Interpretivism Approach In The Study Of Workers Behaviour Psychology Essay

Interpretivism Approach In The Study Of Workers Behaviour Psychology actThe study of workers behaviour is a very complex phenomenon as it involves peoples attitudes, feelings and behaviours, which characterise life in an organisation. The field of tender-hearted behavior is solidly grounded by investigateer such as Taylor, Maslow, Herzberg and Elton Mayo. With the pace of industrial revolution, studies atomic number 18 now more focused on beas such as job satisfaction and analysis, performance evaluation, employee penury and the human factor at workplace. Hence, the interpretivism approach has gained momentum in the study of human behaviour.This literature review will introduce the different inquiry philosophies which get to been used in the field of human behaviour, firstly, providing a descriptive analysis of the Positivist approach, which focuses on quantitative methods as debate to the Interpretivist approach, which focuses on qualitative methods and second how the earl y approach to research in human behaviour has shifted towards qualitative methods as it enhances understanding of workers behaviours in organisations and thence facilitate management decisions.For decades, the way in which research is conducted has produced arguments relating to which research philosophies, approaches and strategies are best to follow. A research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data cease be ga at that placed, analysed and used. Galliers (1991) identified two major school of thoughts as Positivist (also called scientific) and interpretivist (also known as anti- prescribed).Positivism is a belief that it is possible to obtain objective intimacy through observation and that such knowledge is verified by statements about the circumstances in which such knowledge is true. Smith (1998) provides a useful perspicacity into rationalist thinking within social sciences with this description Positivist approaches to the social sciences . . . assume things p otful be studied as hard facts and the relationship in the midst of these facts feces be established as scientific laws. For positivists, such laws have the status of truth and social objects plenty be studied in untold the same way as natural objects. In other words, Positivism views the social initiation as the natural world in terms of how it can be studied, be hunting expedition human behaviour is determined by rules and developed with social groups.Positivism is considered to be an empirical testing of theories by means of experimentations before stretchability a general principle. Positivism adopts a clear quantitative approach to investigating phenomena by using data that are objective, discernible and measurable. According to crime syndicate (1983) evaluation of development is considered to be scientifically objective in the sense that they can be verified by logical inspection regardless of who uses the techniques. Hence, the positivist approach to research is favou red due its exactness and impartiality. (e-International Relations, 2010).Positivist research is usually conducted with a large number of participants. The research design tend to be comparative, hence the use of surveys or experimental designs is usually preferred. The methods used are more likely to produce quantifiable and testable data such as official statistics, structure interviews and observation. Typically, they are rigid, unchanging and free from social constraints. However, the use of these methods can sometimes be very expensive and time consuming. Thus, critics argue that the positivist approach yields useful, whole if limited data, which only provide a superficial view of the phenomenon under investigation (Bond, 1993 Moccia, 1988 Payle, 1995)Early positivist theorist in the field or organisational and human behaviour searched for underlying principles of what happens in organisational settings. They were concerned with efficiency, or how to economically maximise wo rkers productivity (Denhardt, 2008 Simon, 1947a). However, Dahl (1947) rejects the idea that the study of human behaviour could be separate as a positivist approach and could be designed as true experiments that produce uniform, reliable and verifiable data. A major criticism of the positivist approach is that it does not allow a comprehensive study and examination of human beings and their behaviours. Hence, the increasing importance of the human factor in the workplace leads to the emerging to a shift towards the interpretivist paradigm.Interpretivism approach focuses on methods that examine people and their social behaviour (Gill and Johnson, 1997). This approach considers human beings as part of the social world, which exists due to the fundamental interaction and actions of human beings. It emphasises a search for substance, understanding and social interaction as the basis for knowledge. According to Cantrell (1993, p84), the aims of interpretivist approach research are to u nderstand phenomena, to interpret meaning within particular social and cultural contexts, and to uncover beliefs and elicit meaning from action and intention through dialogical interaction between researchers and participants.According to the interpretivist view, the social world is open and changing by ways people go about their lives. Research methods therefore, must be capable of capturing the quality of peoples interpretations and understanding the meanings to people track down of actions. Hence, the utility of qualitative data is preferred as it is more acquiescent to the study of organisation and human behavior. Qualitative research is a class of research methods in which the researcher actively interacting with the participants of the particular study (Muchinsky, 2003). In other words, the researcher gets involved with the phenomena being researched. Thus, qualitative research produces narrative descriptions of events as opposed to quantitative research which produces result s in numerical data (Landy Conte, 2004 Strauss Corbin, 1990)The interpretivist approach makes use of flexible and multiple methods, the most desirable way of studying a excellent sample in depth over time. The favoured common methods used include interviews, observational research and focus groups. The characteristics of these methods are extremes to those used in quantitative research as they are exploratory rather than explanatory and focus on meanings than establishing facts.The interpretivist paradigm disagrees with the notion that human beings and its behaviour can be studied with scientific methods. Interpretivist theorists are more concerned with the study of organisation from inside as they assumed that a better understanding of how the company functions can only be achieved from the perspective of the workers. The favoured research design in Ethnography with the use of qualitative method such as observation is useful in answering questions on why employees behave the way they do in organisations and what happens in the organisation (Ehigie, R.I Ehigie B.O, 2005621-638).Ethnography study is by means of which you assess people in their day to day activities, their behaviour and culture in a natural setting. Fetterman (1998) describes it as the art and science of describing a group or a culture. The group can be categorised as work group, organisations or team of individuals where as culture can be the prevailing culture in an organisation. Ethnography can be used to gain understanding of the real world context, social as well as work settings (Hughes et al, 1995 Blomberg et al, 1993). Bret et al (2003) argues that since organisations are presently move towards the use of work teams, ethnography studies have become an important research method in understanding the complex interactions with work teams. Hence, the use of ethnographic methods admirer in gathering information by mainly watching and talking with people, and by scrutinising documented re ports and records (Riemer, 2008205).Observation is one of the ethnographic methods used by researchers to watch out the population of the phenomena to be studied to develop an understanding of their behaviour and culture. The personnel of an organisation who usually make use of this method are supervisors, human choice experts as by nature of their job responsibilities they are expected to observe workers behaviour on the job (Krumm, 2001). Frederick Taylor, one of the early contributors in the study of need and performance at work carried out series of experiments at the Bethlehem Steel Company which included non-participant observation of workers. As the workers were constantly aware that they were being observed, there was a drastic change in their work pattern and consequently resulted to improvement in work performance, organisation productivity and earnings. Taylor (1856-1915) advocated that monetary rewards were the main cause of motivation, therefore observational studies on workers did not affect their performance, as they were drive by the financial rewards they would achieve by their course of actions.A very genuine example of participant observation can be related to the Hawthorne experiments allegedly conducted by Elton Mayo. The researchers involved in the Hawthorne Experiments did not understand the impact of human value and interaction until they personally interacted with the workers (Denhardt, 20093). Thus, through this interaction they had a better understanding of the workers actions in relations to the working environment.However, observational studies are also criticised as only small samples can be investigated such as in the case of Taylors research which was only conducted on manual workers. It is believed that if the research was conducted on white trey workers the findings would have been different. Another criticism by (Muchinsky, 2003 Sackett Larsen, 1990), observation is not frequently used in the study of human behaviour as it relies extensively on time and energy. One criticism of Mayos research is that the population involved knew that they were being studies. The critics argued that to capture a clearer picture of the research, the participants should not be made aware that they are being studied. Despite these criticisms, it is believed that Taylors observational studies have immensely contributed to present day management and gave birth to the concept of performance related pay system.To summarise, it can be argued that qualitative methods found its way in the study of both organisational and human behaviour. However, as a researcher to understand the phenomenon being studied, the use of converging information from different sources, regardless of its form is more advisable. Although Spector (2005) argued that qualitative methods of research offer an alternative to the highly quantitative methods, it is opined that both quantitative and qualitative research methods can help researchers understand issues better than either of the two separately. The use of qualitative methods is growing in the study of organisational and human behaviour (Lee, 1999) as human instalment are substantially emphasised in an organisation. Although the qualitative methods have significantly contributed to our understanding of human behaviour in the organisations, many avenues for future research are still open and new ones continue to emerge.

Role of Edutaintment for Safe Motherhood Education

Role of Edutaintment for honest maternalism EducationTHE PRACTICE OF SAFE MOTHERHOOD CAN EDUTAINMENT BE THE WAY FORWARD?INTRODUCTIONThe safety maternal quality concept was de have it offred worldwide to bring ab protrude reduction in maternal mortality. This concept has been successful to some extent but it has been dis bear oned that Nigeria is yet to sustain its 75% target of curbing mortality by year 2015 to its lowest ebb. Despite the Safe gestation initiative in Nigeria, with child(predicate) and Post-partum women especially those in the rural communities still do not have a favorable disposition to practicing safe pregnancy. This could be as a result of poor experience of these women about the concept of safe motherhood (Igbokwe and Adama, 2011).However, Mass Media as channels of mass communication is to inform, educate and persuade its audience to accept new ideas and technologies to resurrect their living conditions. Edutainment is a form of communication used for t he purpose of entertaining and education to create loving change. Edutainment uses popular entertainment much(prenominal) as dramas, folklores, documentaries, burble shows and discussions to tackle social issues for the purpose of inciting change and promote positive attitude. Soul City Institute (2013) further defines edutainment asany communication project that sets out to use popular culture to educate and challenge people. Edutainment is not a theory but a strategy to bring about individual and social change. It uses popular entertainment formats to tackle serious social issues in an innovative and entertaining waySinghal and Rogers (1999) points out that Entertainment- finished television, radio and music is one of the close useful communication strategies for reaching the public to promote family planning and other public health issues. Therefore, mass media raft shape health beliefs of people while promoting friendship and aw atomic number 18ness of health messages. The Mass media play a major role in peoples everyday lives. This is evident in how routine it has be coif to watch television, hear to the radio, surf the internet, and read newspapers and magazines. Television as a major tool of information dissemination and entertainment programs is a veritable tool for mass education. Since it is a visual medium, women can see examples of the various family planning methods available and safe health practices can be demonstrated during edutainment programmes. Also, television has the capacity to reach big groups of women simultaneously thus, helping to facilitate and create awareness amongst women on prevention and ways to handle health issues they are plagued with.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMReduction in maternal closings has become the major preoccupation of stakeholders in maternal health today as evidenced by its frequent appearance in most developmental objectives in the world today. It is withal the 5th goal in the Millennium Development Go als (MDGs).World Health Organization (WHO) citing Graham indicates that the women dying are in their prime of life they are crucial to society and the economy they sustain the next generation they make up more than half the men. The discussion paper of Tinker et al (2000) reported that womens low socioeconomic status and reproductive role expose them to risks of poor health and premature remnant. They assert, further, that Womens reproductive biology, connectd with their lower socioeconomic status, results in women bearing the greater burden from unsafe sex which includes both infections and the complications of unwanted pregnancy.Over the years, women in Nigeria and Africa, at large, have been plagued with health issues such as high mortality in childbirth. To combat maternal morbidity/mortality and other health issues that women face, there is the call for for quality reproductive health returnss, such as medical care which includes family planning, safe pregnancy, delivery c are, treatment and prevention of sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV and AIDS. Kalyani (2007) notes that while health issues on women are rampant and on the increase, the attitude of women towards seeking information on their health is low with little do in research about how women seek information pertaining to their health.Studies have revealed further that not all women understand and are able to process the health messages they come across. An example is the Findings from the National Adult Literacy Survey which indicate that almost half of the U.S. adult population has limited literacy skills, and one-quarter is functionally illiterate. Flores, Weber, Kilker, Dang and Lindsey (2007) observe that this is so as Health information often includes technical terms and concepts that are hard to understand, regardless of ones level of education or literacy. However, reading, understanding, and using health information can be a difficult task for those with limited literacy sk ills. Thus, the need for media programmes on health, as media cut across literacy level. To reduce these health challenges to their lowest ebb, television as a medium of entertainment and information seek to keep the woman educated and informed. There is the need for media education on health as a result of the complexity and population of the Nigerian society which health workers cannot handle alone.Objectives of the teachThe general objective of this study is to examine the extent to which edutainment programmes on the mail media have helped in promoting the practice of safe motherhood. Other objectives areTo determine if heavy(predicate) and post-partum women through Health edutainment programmes on the broadcast media have the knowledge of Safe Motherhood.To find out if pregnant and post-partum women practice the health messages on Safe Motherhood they watch or listen to.Research QuestionsTo what extent do pregnant and post-partum women have the knowledge of Safe Motherhood a s a result of health edutainment programmes on the broadcast media?What is the attitude of pregnant and post-partum women to the practice of Safe Motherhood?Scope of the studyThis thrust of this study is to investigate the extent to which edutainment programmes on the broadcast media have helped in promoting the practice of safe motherhood. This study will cover pregnant and post-partum women in Ilisan Community within the ages 15 to 49 years of age. Ilisan community is a town located in Ikenne Local government part of Ogun state. It is a community that has a number of her female populations is either illiterate or semi-literate. It is also a community that has a high rate of adolescent pregnancy.LITERATURE REVIEWSafe MotherhoodGeefhuysen (2000) defines Safe Motherhood as is the culmination of services for women from the beginning of life and the ability to choose when to become pregnant. The concept of safe motherhood includes taking necessary steps when preparing to get pregnant such as adequate preparation for the well- being of the mother and the emergence fetus before conception and taking appropriate measures to ensure successful delivery. The purpose of Safe Motherhood initiative is to decide when to get pregnant through the use of contraceptive to promote family planning, prevent maternal mortality by saving for possible maternal emergency while receiving healthcare delivery service from a trained departr. This is affirmed by Igbokwe and Adama (2011) who pointed out that safe motherhood is aimed at preventing maternal and prenatal mortality and morbidity. It also enhances the quality and safety of womens live through the adaptation of combination of health and non- health strategiesMaternal mortalityThe issue of maternal mortality has been a growing concern to world leadership and stakeholders in this field. Maternal mortality is a single most important health issue facing obstetricians, gynecologists and Nigerians (Society of Obstetric and Gynecol ogy of Nigeria- SOGON). This problem arises from unequal index number between men and women in sexual relationships which expose women to involuntary sex, unwanted pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infections including HIV and AIDS (Tinker, Finn and Epp, 2000). The world maternal ratio also necessitated the 5th Millennium Development Goals to have reduced maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by year 2015. The recent report by United Nations line for Population Activities UNFPA (2014) shows thatGlobally, the maternal mortality ratio dropped by 45 per cent between 1990 and 2013, from 380 to 210 deaths per 100,000 live births. Worldwide, almost 300,000 women died in 2013 from causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal death is mostly preventable and much more needs to be done to provide care to pregnant women.Health Messages and Edutainment ProgrammesYahaya, Fadairo and Ogunele (2009) explain that information, entertainment and education are very important to women. Therefore, health communicators should always include some elements of information, education and entertainment in their health and other development messages targeted at women in coiffe to attract or gain their attention. They summarised from their study in Lagos that women experienced a serious improvement in knowledge and a positive change in their health behaviour as a result of watching and listening to various health programmes on Entertainment-Education channels. For instance, 61.2% indicated serious improvement in knowledge, while 59.8% had a positive change in their health behaviour due to programmes on family planning on television and radio respectively. Also Farhana Ahmed (2008), in their report, affirms that mass media techniques that combine entertainment with health education are particularly effective in producing behaviour changes. This they discovered in their findings on a soap opera in Tanzania Twende na Wakati (Lets Go with Times) which has influenced about one- fourth o f its listeners to adopt family planning methods and HIV/ AIDS prevention while 65.5% of the participants said they discussed pregnancy and maternal health issues after the campaignAlso, several studies, Singhal and Rogers, 1999 Brown and Singhal, 1999 and Tufte, 2002 point out that Entertainment-through television is one of the most effective communication strategies for reaching out to the public to promote social change. Singhal and Rogers (1999) also notes that television soap operas, popular music, street theatre and comic books have all been used to educate the public about such health issues as family planning, HIV and AIDS prevention, environmental health, female equality, improved sanitation, female genital mutilation (Singhal, Rogers, 1999). Findings from their study showed that entertainment-education in developing countries confirm that the strategy changes behavior.methodological analysisDesign The structured questionnaire for the survey was designed in English but the data collectors were trained to interpret the questions in the local dialect. The design is considered appropriate because the study will essentially focus on people.Setting The study was carried out in Ilisan Remo, Ogun State. Ilisan is a community located in Ikenne local government stadium of the state. It has a primary health care center, a teaching hospital owned by Babcock University and a few other privately owned hospitals that provide medical care. Ilisan also have a couple of Traditional Birth Centers which a great number of pregnant women visit.Procedure a total of one hundred ten copies of the questionnaire were distributed. The copies of the questionnaire were administered at homes, shops, the market place, private offices, hospitals, institutions, churches and mosques. 100 were returned and analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency tables and percentages.Brown, W. and singhal, A. (1999) Entertainment-Education Media Strategies for Social Change Promises a nd Problems. In Demen, D. and VIIInnmath, K. (ed.), Mass Media Social encounter and SocIal-Amea. Iowa Iowa State Univenity Press. Retrieved from http//utminers.utep.edu/asinghal/Articles%20and%20Chapters/singhal_usdin_scheepers_goldstein_japhet.pdfFarhana, S. Ahmed, J. (2008).Entertainment-Education to Promote Safe Motherhood In the Context of Bangladesh. Canadian Social Science 4(4). Canadian Research Development Center of Sciences and Cultures. Retrieved fromhttp//www.questia.com/read/1P3-1584808581/entertainment-education-to-promote-safemotherhoodFlores, L., Weber, K, Kilker, P., Dang, P. Lindsey, L. (2007). Health Education Efforts in Uncertain Times Helping to Ensure Healthy Pregnancies in a Time of Crisis. American Journal of Health Education. Vol 38(4). Gale assortGeefhuysen, C. (2000) Safe Motherhood in Indonesia A Task for the Next Century. In Berer,M. and Ravindran, S. (ed.) Safe Motherhood Initiatives Critical Issues. Retrieved rom http//www.rhmjournal.org.uk/publicati ons/SafeMotherhood.pdfIgbokwe, C. and Adama, G. (2011) knowledge and practice of Safe Motherhood amongchildbearing mothers Attending maternal and child health (mch) Clinics in nsukka health district. Journal of Research in Education and Society Vol.2(1). Retrieved from http//www.icidr.org/jres_v2nos1_april2011/Knowledge and Practice of Safe Motherhood Initiative (SMI) among Childbearing Mothers attending Maternal and Child Health (Mch) Clinics in Nsukka Health District.pdfKalyani, A. (2007). Information-Seeking Behavior of Women in Their Path to an InnovativeAlternate give-and-take for Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 95(2) 164-172. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852624/Soul City Institute (2013) Edutainment Using stories media for social action and behaviourchange. Retrieved from http//www.google.com.ng/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2ved=0CCIQFjABurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soulcity.org.za%2Fresearch%2Fpublished-ar ticles%2Fedutainment-using-stories-and-media-for-social-action-and-behaviour-change%2Fdownloadei=VnP9VNuaI8vfapqSgYAOusg=AFQjCNFzf-ESEywiAXHtnk-_U6bJe_jkAAsig2=QdJ7fbpcrFiNaSEMB4mSNQbvm=bv.87611401,d.d2sSinghal, A. Rogers, E. (1999). Entertainment-Education A communicating Strategy forSocial Change. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved fromhttp//www.questia.com/read/57758858/entertainment-education-a-communicationstrategySOGON, (N/A).Fact Sheet on Reproductive Health in Nigeria Facts and Figures.Tinker, A., Finn, K. Epp, J., (2000). Improving Womens Health Issues and Interventions.Health, Nutrition, and Population Family (HNP). The planetary Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Washington, DC 20433Tufte, T. (2002) Edutainment in HIV/AIDS Prevention. Building on the Soul CityExperience in southeasterly Africa. In Servaes, J. (ed.), Approaches to Development Communication, Paris UNESCO. Retrieved from http//www.unesco.kz/publications/ci/hq/Approac hes%20Development%20Communication/CHP13.PDFUNFPA (2014). The Millennium Development Goals Report. Retrieved fromhttp//www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2014%20MDG%20report/MDG%202014%20English%20web.pdfWHO (World Health Organization) (2013, February 6-7). Meeting to Develop a GlobalConsensus on Preconception mission to Reduce Maternal and Childhood Mortality andMorbidity. A Meeting Report presented at the World Health Organization Headquarters, Geneva. Retrieved from http//www.who.intYahaya, M., Fadairo, S and Ogunele, A. (2009). Attitude and the Effect of Health-based Entertainment-Education Strategies on the Knowledge and Behaviour of Women in Lagos State. International Journal of Agricultural Economics Rural Development 2 (1) 2009. Retrieved from http//www.ijaerd.lautechaee-edu.com

Albert Einstien :: essays research papers

When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, it seems alike two minutes. When you sit on a hot stove for two minutes, it seems like two hours thats relativity. I, Albert Einstein, am a German-born American physicist. I am best known as the creator of the special and general theories of relativity. I was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1879. My family owned a small business, which manufacture electric Machinery.I was a shy very child and did not talk until the age of three. At the age of twelve I taught myself Euclidean Geometry. When I was fifteen my family decided to move to Pavia but I stayed in Munich alone and finished the trail year. I did not last but only a term on my one until finally I followed them to Pavia. I then tried to skip high school by taking an entrance psychometric test to the Swiss Poly Technic, a top technical university, but I failed the art portion. So my family sent me to the Swiss town of Aarau to finish high school. I have from high school at the age of 17and enrolled at the ETH in Zurich. This is were I met and fell in love with a classmate named Mileva Maric who would later be my starting wife. I didnt enjoy the methods of institution there. I often cut classes and used the time to study physics on my own time or I would play my beloved violin. I passed my exams and graduated in 1900 by studying the notes of a classmate. I graduated as a secondary school teacher of mathematics and physics. In January of 1902, Mileva gave birth to our first daughter, Lieserl, but we put her up for adoption later on. In 1903 while I was working in the Swiss Patent Office I completed a range of publications in theoretical physics. I wrote these by myself. I sent one of these publications to the University of Zurich. By 1909, I was recognized throughout German-speaking Europe as a leading scientific thinker. I held professorships at the German University of Prague and at the Swiss federal official Institute of Technology. In 1910 my second son E duard was born.In 1914 I advanced to the most prestigious and best paying post that a theoretical physicist could gestate in central Europe, professor at the Kaiser Wilhelm Gegellschaft in Berlin.

The Lost Voice (or I Think This Essay Belongs in This Book) :: Essays Papers

The Lost Voice (or I Think This Essay Belongs in This Book) Youve heard about the dumb farmer who won a million dollars in a sweepstakes, havent you? When he was asked what he was going to do with the m championy, he said hed farm until it was all gone. And did you hear about that farm kid who went to the U of M? Her first reaction on her first day of check was, Wow This place could hold a lotta hay Years ago, no one could have told me that all of those dumb farmer jokes would seriously affect my self-assertion in my intelligence, abilities, and goals. I never knew what to think about those dumb farmer jokes at first because growing up around a whole practice bundling of farmers, I never met a dumb one. I just thought they must be somewhere else. When I transferred to St. Cloud State after one year at a small community college, however, I found out those dumb farmers were in my hometown . . . or at least thats what other batch thought. And, on the other side of the coin, no one c ould have ever made me believe that growing up hearing dumb city cheating jokes would instill in me a fear of becoming one . . . and make me reject those who already are . . . and hate myself for wanting to be one anyways . . . . The difference between small farming communities and institutions of higher education probably wouldnt be considered a cultural difference. But as we slowly succeed in our attempt to put a clamp on racist, sexist, ethnocentric, and other such jokes, who is fighting the dumb farmer jokes and the city slicker jokes? Isnt there a portion fighting for a respect between these two groups as well? And if both groups think the other group is stupid, who is defining intelligence, anyway? And what happens when someone exchangeable me crosses the border and goes to the other side? Do you think about people from remote rural areas when you think about cultural diversity on a college campus? Honestly, I never used to, either, so its OK if you dont . . . because even though I was raised in a rural community, I never motto myself as culturally diverse. After all, cultural diversity, in its most frequently used definition, implies diversity among races, ethnic groups, nationalities, or language backgrounds.

Euclid :: essays research papers

Little is know about Euclid, the father of geometry. Records show that he lived somewhere around 300 B.C. He was a Hellenic mathematician and is probably best known for his work Elements. Since little is known about the personal life of Euclid, it is difficult to do a biography on him.His brain work, entitled Elements, is a comprehensive essay on mathematics. It includes 13 volumes that entail such subjects as plane geometry, dealing with the properties of flat surfaces and of planar figures, such as the triangle proportion in general, a particular kind of relation between groups of numbers or quantities the properties of numbers incommensurable magnitudes and solid geometry, branch of geometry that deals with the properties and touchstone of geometric figures in three-dimensional space. Some people say that the geometrical sections of Elements were actually rearrangements of Exodus previous work. However Euclid himself is said to have made several(prenominal) discoveries in his Number Theory, which is a branch of mathematics that deals with the properties and relationships of numbers.Most historians believe Euclid was educated at Athens. His teachers may have included pupils of Plato, who was a philosopher and one of the most(prenominal) influential thinkers in Western philosophy. Euclid thought geometry in Alexandria and opened a school of mathematics there. He also wrote Data, which was a collection of geometrical theorems Phenomena, a description of the heavens and The Division of the Scale, which is a mathematical discussion of music. But yet again many historians believe many of these works (other than the Elements) were spuriously assign to him, others disagree and say that indeed his works are that of his own.Euclids Elements was used as a text for 2000 years, and even today a modified version of its start few books forms the basis of high school instruction in plane geometry.

Salems Lot and The Shining :: essays research papers

Stephen King sets up the perfect horror scene in way of life 217 by buliding off of Hitchcock and hos own previous work, Salems Lot. King uses Hitchcocks definition of great horror to set for the scene in romm 217. He also uses background from his old work, Salems Lot.Alfred Hitchcocks idea of horror involves human suspense and teh realistic aspect of scary situations. Hitchcocks masterful directing leads the audience to be the frist to understand what is going on. The characters are go away in the dark until the suspense reaches its climax. As the impending danger builds, the viewer is allowed to wtiness the situation before the character. This raises the level of suspense making it more realistic. Hitchcock takes normal situations and adds a terffiying twist. The twist is always something that has never happened, but is definetely possible. Hitchcocks The Birds is an excellent example of this. He takes normal situation with normal birds and turns them into killers. As the birds gather behind one trusting victim, only the audience is allowed to see the impending danger. The woman is calm and collected as she waits on the bench. Hitchcock adds a little scare music and the woman all at once realizes she is being watched. She whips around in horror and the birds are there ready to attack. This scfene is not a common occurance, but to an overactive imagination it could become a very real possibility. Kings early work Salems Lot helps to prove he has created the perfect horror scene in room 217. Salems lot was, at that time, a suspenseful story about vampires and things that lurk in the night. The plot was predictable, new guys come to town, vampires attack, suspcicious old man is accused. When King wrote Salems Lot his techniques for horror and suspense were salve yound and under developed. The element of surprise was more evident than that of suspense. The writing of King matured greatly before he wrote The Shining. The scene in roo, 217 us a perfect horro r scene as it takes a realistic situation and turns it frightening. As the beginning of the nover danny is warned by Hallorann not to enter room 217. The first footfall has been completed, the warning. The second step of building the action begins. Danny steals the passkey, but not only that as Jack has been having hallucinations along with Danny.

The Revolutionary Aftermath of the Civil War Essay -- Racism Discrimin

The Revolutionary Aftermath of the Civil WarDespite many hardships that remained from the antebellum state ofthe union, reconstruction was a socially and constitutionally revolutionaryperiod. The attempts to deter black voters were greatly outweighed by thenumbers of blacks voting, as well as the laws that were passed to protectthe rights of American citizens, black and white alike.The years aft(prenominal) the war saw a rise in the number of human rights lawsthat were passed, most of which were primarily focused on blacks, butincluded whites as well. In document D, Gideon Welles stated that thenational government didnt hold the power to grant suffrage to anyone, norhad it shown any interest in the matter. Because of this, the stategovernments were able-bodied to enact black codes which restrained citizens, bothblack and white, from voting because they were illiterate or because theywerent of a high enough economic status. This later changed as blacksbecame more active in gover nment and voiced their upset to the nationalgovernment, as shown by Document C. B...